问记者丨天津泄洪有何特别之处？
Since the occurrence of the "7·23" massive flood in the Haihe River Basin, Tianjin, located at the downstream of the Haihe River Basin, has faced a severe and complex flood control and drainage situation.
So, what is special about Tianjin's flood control and drainage? Many netizens have raised some concerns, and reporters interviewed professionals from the Haihe River Commission of the Ministry of Water Resources to provide answers.
This is a photo taken by a drone on the afternoon of August 6 showing the Daqing River and the village on the north side of the dyke (drone photo). Xinhua News Agency reporter Sun Fanyue photo
Netizen: Why does most of the flood in the Haihe River Basin enter the sea through Tianjin?
Reporter: Yang Zhigang, Director of the Water and Drought Disaster Defense Department of the Haihe River Commission, Ministry of Water Resources, explained that the Haihe River Basin spans across multiple provinces including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Henan, and Shanxi, with a total area of more than 300,000 square kilometers. Although the Haihe River Basin is vast, it has a fan-shaped water system with higher elevation in the west and lower in the east. The western side of the basin has numerous tributaries from mountain ranges, forming a "fan face" that gradually converges into the "fan handle" and flows into the sea. Tianjin is located at the "handle" position of the "nine river outlets" of the Haihe River Basin and bears the "responsibility" of discharging floodwater into the sea.
According to the flood forecast, from July 27 to August 14 alone, Tianjin has received a total of 2.92 billion cubic meters of upstream floodwater, with 2.444 billion cubic meters discharged into the sea. It is predicted that there will be more than 1.2 billion cubic meters of floodwater entering Tianjin in the future.
(Source: Natural Resources Department's Standard Map Service Website)
Netizen: After multiple floodwaters reach Tianjin, do they all enter the sea through the main stream of the Haihe River?
Reporter: Yang Zhigang said that many people mistakenly believe that the main stream of the Haihe River bears the main task of discharging floodwater in the Haihe River Basin. In fact, this is a misunderstanding.
After the rare flood disaster in the Haihe River Basin in 1963, through intensive governance, backbone river channels such as the Ziyaxin River, Duliuji River, and Yongding Xin River were excavated and expanded. This gradually formed a flood control pattern of "diverting floodwater into the sea and defending different areas". Particularly in Tianjin, a relatively complete flood control system has been formed, which, in general, allows floods to bypass the urban area of Tianjin.
There are rivers such as Yongding Xin River and Chaobai Xin River on the north side of Tianjin, and Duliujian River and Ziyaxin River on the south side. These rivers have played a role in diverting floodwater into the sea in the Haihe River Basin. During this flood process, in principle, floodwater from Yongding River flows into the sea through the Yongding Xin River channel, floodwater from Daqing River flows into the sea through the Duliujian River channel, and floodwater from Ziyaxin River flows into the sea through the Ziyaxin River channel.
Photo taken on August 2 showing the entrance of Duliujian River into Hongnan Lock in Tianjin (drone photo). Xinhua News Agency reporter Sun Fanyue photo
Netizen: Why can't floodgates be opened fully?
Reporter: Currently, floodwater is discharging into the sea through floodgates located in Tianjin, such as the Yongding Xin River tide gate, Duliujian River tide gate, and Ziyaxin River tide gate. However, due to factors such as Tianjin's low-lying terrain, the discharge of floodwater into the sea also needs to consider the influence of tides.
Taking the Duliujian River tide gate as an example, Xing Jun, Director of the Duliujian River Tidal Gate Management Department, Haihe River Lower Reach Administration Bureau of the Ministry of Water Resources, said that as the main outlet of the Daqing River water system in the Haihe River Basin, the operation of the tide gate is also affected by tidal forces. When the tide rises, the gate should be closed in a timely manner to prevent tidal water from flowing back. When the tide recedes, the gate should be fully opened with all 22 sluices to discharge floodwater from the Daqing River system into the sea.
Xing Jun said that during the "7·23" massive flood in the Haihe River Basin, the Duliujian River Tidal Gate Management Department has been continuously monitoring the water level changes on both sides of the gate for 24 hours. Combined with the tide level, precise control of the gate has been implemented to release floodwater as much as possible, prolong the opening time of the gate, and reduce the water level of the river, in order to fully discharge upstream floodwater.
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自从海河流域发生了“7·23”特大洪水以来，天津作为海河流域最下游的城市面临着严峻而复杂的防洪泄洪形势。
那么，天津的泄洪问题有何特别之处？许多网友提出了一些关切，记者采访了水利部海河水利委员会的相关专家，为大家解答。
天津大清河及堤北村庄的无人机照片（摄于8月6日下午）。新华社记者孙凡越摄。
网友：为什么海河流域的洪水主要要从天津入海？
记者：水利部海便的杨志刚处长介绍说，海河流域横跨京津冀鲁豫晋等多个省份，总面积达到30多万平方公里。海河流域地形呈现出西高东低的“扇面”特点，西部是山脉和支流众多，逐渐汇聚到“扇柄”入海，天津作为“九河下梢”的位置，承担着将洪水排入海中的重要任务。
根据洪水预测，仅在7月27日至8月14日期间，天津市接收到上游洪水共计29.2亿立方米，下泄入海的水量为24.44亿立方米。预计未来还将有超过12亿立方米的洪水入境。
（来源：自然资源部标准地图服务网站）
网友：多路洪水到达天津后是否都从海河干流入海？
记者：杨志刚表示，许多人错误地认为海河干流承担了海河流域主要的洪水泄洪任务，其实这是一个误解。
1963年，海河流域发生特大洪灾后，通过在关键位置开挖和扩建子牙新河、独流减河、永定新河等骨干河道，逐渐形成了“分流入海、分区防守”的洪水防控格局，使得海河下游特别是天津市形成了相对完整的防洪体系，总体上实现了洪水绕过天津市区。
天津市北部有永定新河、潮白新河等河流，南部则有独流减河、子牙新河等。这些河流在本次洪水过程中都发挥了作用，确保了海河流域主要河系能够将洪水分流入海。按照原则，洪水应当自永定新河河道入海，大清河方向洪水自独流减河河道入海，子牙新河方向洪水自子牙新河河道入海。
天津市独流减河进洪南闸的无人机照片（摄于8月2日）。新华社记者孙凡越摄。
网友：为什么防潮闸不能完全打开？
记者：当前，洪水正通过位于天津的永定新河防潮闸、独流减河防潮闸、子牙新河防潮闸等泄洪入海，但由于天津本身的地势较低，泄洪还必须考虑潮汐的影响。
以独流减河防潮闸为例，水利部海便海河下游管理局独流减河防潮闸管理处的邢军处长表示，独流减河防潮闸是海河流域大清河水系的主要入海通道，其调度运用也受潮汐的影响。当潮水上涨时，要及时关闭闸门，防止潮水倒灌；当潮水退去时，要全力开启22孔闸门，将大清河水系的洪水全力排入海中。
邢军表示，在“7·23”特大洪水过程中，独流减河防潮闸管理处24小时不间断观测闸门两侧水位变化，结合潮位进行精准调控，及时打开闸门泄洪，并尽量延长开闸时间、降低河道水位，全力排泄上游洪水。
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